What Are the Main Concepts in Families of Elements?
In chemistry, element families are groups of elements that share common properties. In fact, another proper noun for an element family is an element group. Element families help distinguish element backdrop beyond those of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids.
Why Elements in Element Families Share Common Properties
The reason elements within a family display similar properties is because elements in a group have the same outermost electron orbital structure. While the atomic nucleus and other electrons contribute to individual element characteristics, information technology's the outer electrons that participate in chemical reactions.
Elements in the aforementioned cavalcade are congeners. For example, chlorine and bromine are congeners of fluorine. Oxygen and polonium are some other example congeners. In this case, these elements are quite dissimilar from 1 another, yet because of their similar electron structure, they even so share some common properties.
Element Groups vs Chemical element Families
An element group is a column of elements on the periodic table. At that place are eighteen element groups, which announced on the periodic table as numbers listed above the element columns. For example, the first column is group 1, I, or IA, depending on the numbering system.
For the nigh office, element families and element groups are the same thing. But, families focus on element properties that are common between an chemical element and those located beneath it on the periodic table. For example, group sixteen corresponds to the oxygen group or chalcogens.
List of Element Families
Chemists group elements into either five or ix element families:
five Element Families
The v element families combine similar chemical element groups. So, fifty-fifty though there are numerous columns of transition metals on the periodic table, they all belong to the aforementioned family. The transition metals also include the lanthanides and actinides, which appear the main body of the table. Nether this classification organization, metals and metalloids transition betwixt the other groups. So, this classification system does non include all of the elements of the periodic table.
- Alkali metals
- Alkaline earth metals
- Transition metals
- Halogens
- Noble gases
ix Chemical element Families
The list of nine element families is more popular and more inclusive. Under this nomenclature system, element families correspond to their periodic table column, which in turn reflects their typical number of valence electrons.
- Brine Metals: Group one (IA) – 1 valence electron
- Alkaline Earth Metals: Group ii (IIA) – 2 valence electrons
- Transition Metals: Groups 3-12 – d and f cake metals have 2 valence electrons
- Boron Group or Earth Metals: Group 13 (IIIA) – 3 valence electrons
- Carbon Group or Tetrels: – Group fourteen (IVA) – iv valence electrons
- Nitrogen Group or Pnictogens: – Group 15 (VA) – 5 valence electrons
- Oxygen Group or Chalcogens: – Group 16 (VIA) – vi valence electrons
- Halogens: – Grouping 17 (VIIA) – 7 valence electrons
- Noble Gases: – Grouping 18 (VIIIA) – viii valence electrons
A Closer Wait at the Chemical element Families
Alkali Metals Family unit
The representative element of the brine metals group is lithium, rather than hydrogen. This is considering hydrogen is a gas at ordinary temperatures and pressures and behaves as a nonmetal. Notwithstanding, solid hydrogen behaves as an brine metal.
- Group 1 or IA
- 1 valence electron
- Soft metallic solids
- Shiny, lustrous
- High thermal and electrical conductivity
- Low densities that increment with atomic mass
- Relatively low melting points that subtract with atomic mass
- Vigorous exothermic reaction with water to produce hydrogen gas and an brine metal hydroxide solution
- Ionize to lose their electron, so the ion has a +1 accuse
Alkaline Earth Metals Family
Magnesium and calcium are examples of members of the alkaline metal earth element family unit. All of these elements are metals.
- Grouping ii or IIA
- 2 valence electrons
- Metallic solids, harder than the alkali metals
- Shiny, lustrous metals
- Easily oxidize
- Loftier thermal and electric electrical conductivity
- More dense than the alkali metals
- Higher melting points than alkali metals
- Exothermic reaction with water, increasing every bit you lot motion down the group; glucinium does non react with water; magnesium reacts simply with steam
- Ionize to lose their valence electrons, so the ion has a +two charge
Transition Metals Chemical element Family unit
The transition metals are the largest family of elements. Transition metals include the entire centre of the periodic table. The lanthanides and actinides are special transition metals.
- Groups iii-12
- The d and f block metals accept 2 valence electrons
- Hard metallic solids
- Shiny, lustrous
- High thermal and electrical conductivity
- Dense
- High melting points
- Large atoms exhibit a range of oxidation states
Boron Group or Earth Metal Element Family
Boron is the representative element of the boron family unit or earth metal family. The best-known member of the family is aluminum. These elements brandish a range of backdrop.
- Group 13 or IIIA
- Boron Group or Earth Metals
- 3 valence electrons
- Diverse properties, intermediate between those of metals and nonmetals
Carbon Group or Tetrels
The carbon family or tetrels have properties intermediate betwixt metals and nonmetals. The proper noun "tetrel" refers to the oxidation state or four valence electrons.
- Group 14 or IVA
- 4 valence electrons
- Various backdrop, intermediate between those of metals and nonmetals
- Best-known member: carbon, which unremarkably forms 4 bonds
Nitrogen Group or Pnictogens
Similar the boron family and carbon family, members of the nitrogen family or pnictogens display a range of properties. The family includes nonmetals, metalloids, and metals.
- Grouping 15 or VA
- five valence electrons
- Diverse properties, intermediate betwixt those of metals and nonmetals
- All-time-known member: nitrogen
Oxygen Group or Chalcogens
Another name for the oxygen group is the chalcogen family.
- Group 16 or VIA
- 6 valence electrons
- Diverse backdrop, changing from nonmetallic to metallic as you move down the family
- Best-known fellow member: oxygen
Element of group vii Element Family
The halogens are nonmetals, although tennessine might exist more metallic.
- Group 17 or VIIA
- 7 valence electrons
- Reactive nonmetals
- Melting points and boiling points increment with increasing atomic number
- High electron affinities
- Elements modify country moving down the family, with fluorine and chlorine existing as gases at room temperature while bromine is a liquid and iodine is a solid
Noble Gas Element Family
The noble gases are nonreactive nonmetals. Oganesson might exist an exception in this regard, equally it may be metallic. Examples of noble gases include helium and neon.
- Grouping 18 or VIIIA
- Noble Gases or Inert Gases
- 8 valence electrons
- Typically exist as monatomic gases, although these elements sometimes form compounds
- Stable electron octet makes the element relatively inert under ordinary circumstances
References
- Fluck, East. (1988). "New Notations in the Periodic Table." Pure Appl. Chem. IUPAC. sixty (three): 431–436. doi:ten.1351/pac198860030431
- Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
- Leigh, G. J. (1990). Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry: Recommendations. Blackwell Scientific discipline. Hoboken, N.J.
- Scerri, E. R. (2007). The Periodic Table, Its Story and Its Significance. Oxford Academy Press. Oxford.
Source: https://sciencenotes.org/element-families-on-the-periodic-table/
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